Importance of Border Security Measures in National Security

Importance of Border Security Measures in National Security ABSTRACT Border security contains continuously evolving policies due to the evolution of threats and terrorism. Since the US Border Patrol was created in 1924, their challenges and threats have changed, driving them to adapt their methods in order to maintain national security. National security experts continuously contend that indecisiveness and ineffectiveness within immigration concerns and border vulnerability leaves the country susceptible to even greater national security challenges. This study analyzes the US border security policies implemented in the past, the various measures used, and if they were considered successful. Focusing on the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administration, this study outlines the threats and challenges during that time and what successful measures were implemented. This paper will then analyze the threats posed and impact of breaches in border security, the action taken in response, and the effectiveness. INTRODUCTION This paper will analyze the measureable relationship between successful measures implemented, challenges, and effectiveness. The United States government has attempted to apply border control policies since the 1990s, however the emphasis placed on US border security has increased heavily in the past20 years. Globalization has amplified cross-border flow of goods, people, and money, further increasing the challenge of maintaining a states territorial sovereignty. To combat this rising challenge, there have been vast increases in border security funding, staffing and technology deployments. There are many challenges that each Presidential Administration has faced while addressing the question of border security. The sheer size of the border between the US and Mexico is a task all in its own. President Clinton inherited a war on the trafficking of illegal narcotics and organized crime, President Bush was left with the outrage and sheer shock after the 9/11 attack and President Obama dealt with the evolving terrorist threats by transnational actors and the continuous flow of illegal migrants into the United States. In response to these evolving challenges, each administration has implemented various measures in order to successfully combat threats to border security. This study will focus on the challenges of securing US borders and the successful measures implemented by each administration that has led to a more cohesive border security policy. METHODOLOGY Research Question What successful measures have successive US Administrations taken on the issue of border security? How effective have these measures been? Thesis Statement Each Administration has taken continuous measures to protect and secure borders and increase national security effectively. They have done this by adapting to continuously changing threats due to globalization. Data Collection This paper will rely on qualitative research to examine the measures successive US Presidential Administrations have taken on the issue of border security. This study will utilize the public White House Archives and peer reviewed articles to analyze the Clinton, Bush and Obama Administrations to further compare the measures used and challenges faced. This paper focuses on the last three administrations because this is when the US began increasing border control agents and INS/DHS budgets. Literature has discovered that there are flaws within border security, but they often fail to see how far each administration has come in terms of effectiveness. LITERATURE REVIEW There is a 2,000 mile geo-political divide between the United States and Mexico, and it has become one of the most frequently crossed borders in the world. Border security provides safety for a country and is an important mean through which national security is implemented. It is essential to economic prosperity, national sovereignty, and homeland security (DHS, 2017). Border security is responsible for the control and examination of what enters and leaves a country. This aspect is especially important due to current terrorist threats and organized crime. Not only does border security deal with the movement and control of citizens in and out of a country, but they also control the spread of disease and prevent smuggling of weapons, drugs, and endangered animals. The data provided in the literature is mainly focused on the lack of cohesiveness within border security, but they fail to show what progress has been made. Each presidential administration is faced with evolving immigration issues due to globalization. This study will look specifically at the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administration focusing on their policies on border security and what successful measures were taken. This constantly evolving issue has resulted in literature seeking to explain this phenomenon based on the Organizational Design Theory (ODT). ODT contains the contingency theory school of thought. This theory is based on the concept that each situation is different and, in order to be effective, emphasis needs to be placed on the relationship between the environmental variable and the design. (Mintzberg, 1980). A flexible and adaptable adhocracy structure must be created in order to sufficiently address border security (Lunenburg, 2012). This coincides with the current border security issues the United States faces. The threats and challenges are evolving, therefore, the measures used to effectively address them should be developed based on each different situation. Although border security has been an important aspect of national security since the US Border Controls creation in 1942, it still remains a vague area of study with very little literature within International Relations. Overall, there was a substantial lack in coordination, information sharing, and synchronization within the border security logistics system (Nieto-Gomez, 2011). Also, due to the lack of consensus among policy makers and law enforcement agencies, policies have been historically inefficient. Very little literature has been written on the actual level of effectiveness in comparison to the growing list of challenges. The Migration Policy Institute created a report in 2011 on the challenges of effective border control in the US. This report highlights one of the major issues within border security by stating that 30-40 percent of the unauthorized immigrants in the United States entered legally, however, they overstay their visas due to poor monitoring (Koslowski, 2011). Another issue is one of practicality; objects of border control are not static (Koslowski, 2011). This paper will look at Edward Aldens research on the attempted overhaul of the visa system and the benefits we have seen (2012). Alden also delves into the challenge of securing a border with a sensible immigration system without weakening the US economy (2012). However, Aldens research focuses on immigration reform rather than preventative infrastructure (fencing). This study will also look at Josiah Heymans analysis on the US-Mexico border and the alternative vision of quality (dangerous entrants) over quantity (mass migration enforcement) (2013). However, this author argued that law enforcement at the ports should be border securitys main concern, rather than the areas in between port cities. This study focuses heavily on the vetting of migrants instead of the issue of illegal immigration. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Importance of Border Security Border security is an essential component of national security. It is more than just restricting territorial access through immigration reform. It also protects states against illegal movement of drugs, weapons, and contraband. Since the formation of sovereign nations, this has been a core action within states, and is seen as one of the most ambitious expansion of power in modern history. According to the Department of Homeland Security, border security is, the act of protecting our borders from illegal movement of weapons, drugs, contraband, and people, while promoting lawful entry and exit, is essential to homeland security, economic prosperity, and national sovereignty (2015). Due to growing violence by nonstate groups and transnational terrorism, there has been an overwhelming increase of focus on border security to combat recent national security issues. Weak and porous borders permit easy entrance into the US for terrorists and smugglers. While completely sealing the border is not feasible at this time, the ultimate goal is to reduce the possibility of dangerous people crossing the border (Koslowski, 2011). Threats The concept of border security has evolved greatly due to the threat of terrorism. The US federal government combats a variety of threats to their border. The main threats include illegal immigrants, organized crime, and terrorism. Illegal immigrants aiming to work and live in the US illegally creates a border security concern. Along with illegal entry offences, some unauthorized immigrants become involved in transnational crime during their migration. Organized crimes are criminal activities that are planned and controlled by powerful groups and carried out on a large scale (Organized Crime, 2017). These traffickers smuggle drugs, counterfeit goods, people, and firearms into the US. Their crimes included prostitution, commercialized vice, and money laundering. This has been identified as a threat to national security and border security (Ilias, 2011). These individuals are predominately non-ideological and are driven by the pursuit of profit. Transnational Terrorist is someone who illegally crosses the border with transformational goals that may include the destruction of a political or economic system. They are motivated by particular grievances about aspects of the society and they articulate their views on moral grounds (Rosenblum, 2013). Although the DHS has no credible information on terrorist groups operating along the US and Mexico border, the threat is still there. The Clinton Administration (1993-2001) This is when the US sees the first initial crackdown on border control. The main concern during this time was the threat of illegal drug smuggling across the Mexico and US border.   To combat these challenges, President Clintons strategy included the buildup of the Border Patrol and implementing Operation Gatekeeper and Safeguards 1993 (OIG, 1998). He allocated funds for 700 new border control agents, deployed underground sensors, infrared night scope, and began the progressive building of the wall between Mexico and the United States. The first formal national border control strategy was created in 1994 (Meissner, 2013). In 1996, Congress executed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA). This Act was created to combat the abundance of fraudulent immigration-related documents, alien smugglers, and increased criminal penalties for racketeering (Meissner, 2013). It further expressed the need for more patrollers, better procedures, and more advan ced technology. In addition, Clinton implemented the National Drug Control Strategy to block drugs at the border and cut off drugs at the source. This strategy increased drug enforcement agents for border and customs control of illegal drug trafficking. Their budget for 2000 included almost $18 billion to further prevent drugs from crossing the US border. We can measure the effectiveness of this Administration by looking at statistics and the progress it has made. This Administration was the first to place a high priority on the removal of criminal aliens. It introduced US governments commitment to allocate more funds for border resources and enforcement infrastructure. The Immigration Enforcement budget rose from less than $3 billion in 1993 to over $6 billion in 2001 (Meissner, 2013). Overall, this Administration made a noticeable effort to restrain illegal immigration and prevent drugs from crossing the border. There was a 2.5% decrease in drug relation crimes between 1993 and 2000 (Farley, 2016). The Bush Administration (2001-2009) The Bush Administration was subject to one of the biggest threats to national security. The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 sparked a transformation in the approaches traditionally used to secure borders and combat terrorism. This Administration strove to create a smart border that incorporated advanced tracking technology and extensive prescreening of low-risk traffic (Koslowski, 2011). This Administration implemented many new border security measures after the terrorist attack. One of the biggest changes was the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in order to streamline and improve the governments ability to protect their nations infrastructure and borders. It replaced 22 separate agencies to reduce the disconnected nature and create one strong mission. The Bush Administration also implemented the Secure Fence Act of 2006. This authorized the construction of almost 700 miles of additional fencing along the southern border (White House, 2008). It also approved more vehicle barriers, checkpoints, and lighting. In conjunction with the DHS, this Act also increased the use of advanced technology like cameras, satellites, and unmanned aerial vehicles to reinforce the infrastructure at the border. Additionally in 2006, President Bush approved Operation Jump Start. This two year support mission called for 6,000 National Guar d members to assist with surveillance, training, and installing fences (Rosenblum, 2013). Lastly, in 2008, all cross-border travelers were required to present further documents to establish their identity and citizenship preventing further illegal immigration. To fund these new implementations, the budget for border security and immigration enforcement increased by 159 percent. The budget rose from $4.8 Billion in 2001 to $12.3 Billion in 2008 (White House, 2008). The effectiveness of the measures taken by this administration can be show with statistics. Operation Jump Start apprehended over 5,000 aliens, seized 28,000 pounds of marijuana, and almost 1,500 pounds of cocaine (Operation Jump Start, 2015). The DHS saw a 20% reduction in apprehension of illegal aliens at the Southern border in 2007 (White House, 2008). This indicates that stronger security has deterred aliens from attempting to cross. Also in 2007, the US Customs and Border Protection and ICE returned or removed almost 1.2 million illegal aliens from the US and arrested over 3,300 gang members (CBP, 2011). The Obama Administration (2009-2017) The Obama Administration saw a decrease in illegal border crossing. This was mostly due to lack of jobs in US resulting from the housing market decline. During the first year of his term, Obama spent time reexamining current programs and prospective options for increased border security (Koslowski, 2011). In 2010, President Obama signed the Southwest Border Security Act. This allocated $600 million in supplemental funds to support an additional 1,200 National Guard troops and unmanned aircraft drones (Koslowski, 2011). President Obama was given credit for most border security deployed. This is referring to fences or technological and infrastructure improvements. In 2011, the United States Border Patrol reached their highest number of border patrol agents with 21,444, and the border patrol budget increased significantly from $5.9 billion in 2003 to $11.9 billion in 2013 (Koslowski, 2011). This study measures the effectiveness by looking at statistics. The Obama Administration deported 2.5 million undocumented people during his eight year term. This was more than any other Administration. In 2013, there was an increase of over 27% more apprehensions at the southwest border (414,000) compared to 2011 (Koslowski, 2011). CONCLUSION The security of the border between the United States and Mexico has become a concern of national security due to the massive increase of cross-border flows of goods, people and money. Each US Presidential Administration has made great effort to secure this border and fight the new and evolving threats. Overall, there have been many successful measures implemented by the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administration. President Clintons Administration inherited a war on the trafficking of drugs and organized crime and combated that with the first large increase of border control agents. The Bush Administration was subject to one of the most historical terrorist attacks in US history and responded by creating the DHS and implemented an overwhelming increase to the border security budget. Bush also built 700 miles of the borders fence. The Obama Administration saw a further increase of the border security budget, growth in immigration enforcement patrollers, and lengthened the border fence. In order to fully understand how successful these measures were, this study analyzed statistics. More than 4 million deportations of noncitizens have occurred since 1990 (Meissner, 2013).   Due to increased border security, the cities along the border that were once plagued with criminal activity have become some of the safest in the United States. Looking at crime rates systematically shows that crimes associated with illegal immigration, like breaking and entering and car theft are down substantially (Meissner, 2013). This indicates that illegal immigration is down. Since 9/11, there have been no publicly known instances of a terrorist smuggling Weapons of Mass Destruction to commit a violent act of terrorism via the US-Mexico border (Customs and Border Protection, 2011). THE USBP made 18,074 drug seizures in 2011 and seized more than $8.4 billion worth of narcotics along the southwest border in 2014 (CBP Security Report, 2014). Finally, illegal crossing from Mexico has fallen near the lowest level since the early 1970s and hiring a smugger to cross the border is now almost eight times more costly than it was in the 1990s. The data above shows that US Administrations have repeatedly implemented successful measures and have effectively increased border security. REFERENCES Alden, E. (2012). Immigration and Border Control CIAO, 32(1). Retrieved from http://www.ciaonet.org.library3.webster.edu/record/24456?search=1 Background to the Office of Inspector General Investigation Operation Gatekeeper (1998). U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://oig.justice.gov/special/9807/gkp01.htm Border Security: Comprehensive Immigration Reform (2008). White House Archives. Retrieved  March 6, 2017, from https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/immigration/html Border Security | Homeland Security. (2015). Retrieved February 18, 2017, from https://www.dhs.gov/border-security Department of Homeland Security (2015). Yearbook if Immigration Statistics. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2015/table33 Farley, Robert. Bill Clinton and the 1994 Crime Bill. Fact Check. N.p., Apr. 2016. Web. 11 Mar. 2017. Heyman, J. M. (2013). A Voice of the US Southwestern Border: The 2012 We the Border: Envisioning a Narrative for Our Future Conference CIAO, 1(2). Retrieved from http://www.ciaonet.org.library3.webster.edu/record/32914?search=1 Koslowski, R. (2011). The Evolution of Border Controls as a Mechanism to Prevent Illegal Immigration (pp. 1-33). Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/evolution-US-border-controls-illegal-immigration Kostro, Stephanie Sanok and Scott F. Mann (2013).CIIS: Innovative Immigration and Border Control Reform. Retreived from http://www.ciaonet.org.library3.webster.edu/record/29251?search=1 Lunenberg, F. (2012). Organizational Structure: Mintzbergs Framework. Journal of Scholarly, Academic, Intellectual Diversity, 14(1). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.library3.webster.edu/stable/425256 Meissner, Doris, Donald M. Kerwin, Muzaffar Chishti, and Claire Bergeron (2013). Immigration Enforecement in the United States: The Rise of a Formidable Machinery (pp.1-182) Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/immigration-enforcement-US Mintzberg, H. (1980). Structure in 5s: A Synthesis of the Research on Organization Design. Management Science, 26(3), 322-341. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.library3.webster.edu/stable/423910 Nieto-Gomez, R. (2011). The Power of the Few: A Key Strategic Challenge for the Permanently Disrupted High-Tech Homeland Security Environment. Homeland Security Affairs, (1-21). Operation Jump Start CBP Border Patrol and the National Guard. (2015). Retrieved March 7,  2017, from https://help.cbp.gov/app/answers/detail/a_id/1021/~/operation-jump-startcbp-border-patrol-and-the-national-guard Organized Crime. (2017). The Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved March 6, 2017, from  https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/organized-crime Rosenblum, Marc R., Jerome P. Bjelopera, Kristin M. Finklea (2013). Border Security: Understanding Threats at U.S. Borders. (CRS Report for Congress No. R42969) (pp. 1-33). Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil.AU/awc/awcgate/crs/r42969.pdf Shayerah Ilias, Ian F. Fergusson. (2011). Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade  (CRS Report for Congress No. R134292) (pp. 1-42). Retrieved from  http://www.au.af.mil/AU/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34292.pdf US Customs and Border Protection. (2014). CBP Border Security Report (pp. 1-7). Homeland  Security.

Renaissance Philosophy Essay

I believe that the Renaissance philosopher who has provided the greatest contribution to humanity is Rene Descartes, whose aggregate contributions to intellectualism in Western culture are difficult to overstate. His significance lies in his judicious use of skepticism in the assessment of truths and beliefs frequently held up as objective knowledge. Descartes was a Catholic, but this did not necessarily mean that he took its authoritative and hegemonic role in the maintenance of knowledge at face value. He realized that certain truths cannot be satisfactorily determined through Church teachings alone, and therefore what must be held up to close scrutiny is not ‘truth’ itself but the criteria used to assess it. Granted, Descartes was not the first person to examine such issues. The skeptical tradition dates as far back as the first millennium AD. But rather than asserting that truth has no value, Descartes was concerned with the development of a unified and almost arithmetic means of measuring knowledge. This sense of skepticism blended with a belief in ordered reasoning is reflected in his other pursuits, particularly mathematics. This combination of mathematics and sophistry is made most manifest in Cartesian dualism, which argues a divide between the nonmaterial mind/soul and the material of the body that influences each other. However, it is Descartes’ ordering of metaphysics that has provoked the most significant amount of reaction and influence in equal measures supporting or contradicting him. Descartes believed that in order to prove the existence of the material world, one must first prove the existence of the self, which he posited as self-evident because â€Å"Cogito ergo sum† or â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † The reaction to these assertions is primarily split along two lines: skepticism and idealism. George Berkeley’s disagreement falls in the latter category, as he opined that Cartesian dualism implied that we cannot know anything beyond the sensations and ideas our mind believes to exist, while David Hume problematized why we believe in the existence of an external in the first place. John Locke developed a more nuanced understanding of the mind-self by defining it as a â€Å"conscious thinking thing† whose materiality or immateriality is irrelevant to acknowledging that it is conscious of sensation and emotion. Locke also posited that the body is also crucial to the formation of the mind-self, arguing that the mind-self is a tabula rasa, a blank slate shaped by experience, including natal sources of experience. Immanuel Kant developed an elaborate set of transcendental arguments and categories as a means f proving the existence of external reality. Essentially speaking, while sensations and perceptions do exist, they are meaningless without a unified comprehension of them. As such, experience is formed by the mind-self being able to cohere these impressions together as something meaningful. George Hegel challenged the understanding of truth as not just a concern with matters of substance, but matters of the subject perceiving and comprehending truth. As such, truth is just as contingent on the mind-self which thinks. Thus, unlike Berkeley, external realities are not just mere mental content, but an expression of thought itself. Descartes may have found few adherents during his time and years after, but his importance to succeeding philosophers who have attempted to deconstruct the contents of the mind and its relationship and understanding of the external world. In effect, he ushered in a fundamental level of doubt in assessing truth and knowledge so necessary in abnegating the kind of dogmatism which makes unquestioned acceptance of ‘common wisdom’ so problematic.

Leadership And Management And Leadership - 1569 Words

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Health Reform Act Research Paper - 1417 Words

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Violent Video Games Lead to Violence Essay - 1175 Words

In today’s day and age it has been suggested that teens are becoming more violent. Some worry that certain aspects of our technology, including the intenseness of violent video games, are affecting the violence among America’s youth, while others don’t see this as an issue at all. A study done in 2004, Factors Correlated with Violent Video Games Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls, reported that boys in grades seventh and eighth played violent video games to either release their anger or help them relax. According to the suggestion that video games act as a stress reliever, violence in video games should not be blamed for violent behavior. Even though many views about the effect of violent video games are negative, I argue that they don’t†¦show more content†¦Research done on the effect of violent video games also shows that video games increase the ability for humans to process information quickly and make faster decisions. In order for the players to advance and win the games, they have to be able to assess, make decisions, and react quickly. Bell (2013) stated, â€Å"We now have numerous studies on how playing action computer games, as opposed to puzzle or strategy titles such as The Sims or Tetris, leads to an improvement in how well we pay attention, how quickly we react, how sensitive we are to images and how accurately we sort information†(p 2). Whether they’re talking into their headset to other players, shooting people or trying to dodge a bullet, gamers are always multi-tasking. Bell also stated that TV, as well as violence in the news, have been found to have a similar effect. These violent video games not only increase the gamers accuracy of making informed decisions faster than a non-gamer, they also have a direct impact on how gamers interact with and navigate our world. In my personal experience, violent video games have little effect on the gamer’s actions toward violence. Many of my friend s, as well as my brother, play violent video games and aren’t looking to be violent toward the world. My friends say that they play the games because it helps them relieve stress from work or school and the gamesShow MoreRelatedViolent Video Games1485 Words   |  6 PagesHow does violence in video games affect people? Sometimes people think about video games and think oh no big deal but there is a lot that goes into them and they can have different effects on people. Violent video games have the most effect on people and most of them are negative. Educational games tend to have the best effect on people and can help them. Many people argue both sides and do not see them for what they are and think my kids won’t be affected but they will as more articles state andRead More Video Games Violence Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pageschild has played video games once in their lives. There are various genres and types of video games such as action, first person shooters, advent ure, education, role-playing, strategy, and many more. 89% of video games contain some violent content (Slife, 2008). The most addictive, common, and popular video games among children are the violent video games (Slife, 2008). A lot of video games these days depict â€Å"real-life violence† meaning that the settings and plots of these video games are taken fromRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreViolent Video Games: Closing the Doors to Success688 Words   |  3 PagesAn increase in violent outbreaks may be linked to violent video games. There has been an increasing amount of crime in the age groups involved violent video games in some way. In turn, watching and/or participating in violent video games can increase violent behavior. Violent outbreaks are more common with age groups that are actively participating in violent video games, or have an active role within the community of violent video games. An article states Sales of video games have more than quadrupledRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Violence1642 Words   |  7 PagesVideo game violence has remained a controversy for numerous years. With the advancement of technology, video games have progressed in its practicality and genres. Technology has allowed video games to become very sophisticated and lifelike. This development has brought video games to a multi-billion dollar industry. Nevertheless, with the level of practicality, there are also negative affects to humanity. Since the manufacture of violent video games, there has been a constant quarrel whether or notRead MoreDo Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior?1713 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of violent video games and the development of today’s youth. Many people believe that the vi olence in video games promotes aggression. According to Doctor Brad Bushman’s article, Do Violent Video Games Increase Aggression? he claims that violent video games leads to aggression because it is interactive process that teaches and rewards violent behavior. Yet others believe that this not the case. Gregg Toppo of the Scientific American, writes in his article, â€Å"Do Video Games Inspire Violent BehaviorRead MoreCensoring of Violent Video Games1152 Words   |  5 PagesThere has always been controversy as to whether violent video games should be censored. Video games should be censored for the good of society. Video games do harm to teens and society due to making teens accumulate frustrations,makes teens think violence is acceptable in problem solving, and makes them very unhealthy but it also does some good, such as helps teens control their emotions, makes them conscious of what is good from what is bad, and helps them get rid of stress. This controversy mayRead M oreViolent Video Games Cause Violence : Cause Of Violence And Video Games1377 Words   |  6 PagesLit. 27 November 2017 The Blame Game Statistically, 2017 has become the year with second lowest crimes rates since 1990, assuming there isn’t a big resurgence in violent crime between now and the end of the year (Bump). However, violent crimes continue to be a problem in modern-day America. Many have sought out to find out the root of these crimes and what causes them, and as a result, many different things have been cited as a cause for violence. Violent video games are said to be a possible sourceRead More Violent Video Games did Not Cause the Columbine High School Shooting1634 Words   |  7 PagesHarris’ violent tragedy. The question is: did playing Doom lead to him being a violent child, or did being a violent child lead him to playing Doom? Proceeding my perusal of articles and research, written by authors with scientific credentials or otherwise, I have concluded that video games are no more to blame for the ebullition found in today’s society than any other possible cause. However, the incessant brouhaha as well as the negative notoriety surrounding media and video games refusesRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Its Effects On Gamers1205 Words   |  5 PagesVideo Game Violence and its effects on Gamers In recent years there has been a significant increase of shooting incidents, specifically in America. When there is a shooting event the media is quick to question if the suspect had a history of playing violent video games. There is already the initial connection between video game violence and aggression; but is this connection scientifically correct? This topic interests me because of the increase in school shootings and violence. I have personally

Information Systems Free Essays

1. Analyze the spreadsheet shown in Figure 5-15 and list all of the problems that occur when trying to track the assignment of sheet music using this spreadsheet. †¢The first 6 entries to the spreadsheet seem easy to track however they do not show which member is using which sheet of music †¢After the first 6 rows all the musical works are just listed and you cannot tell who is responsible for each sheet †¢One of the sheet music is duplicated †¢There are no keys to relate the members and the music †¢Information is listed in the wrong columns 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following two tables could be used to store the data in Figure 5-15 in a database: †¢Redraw the data in Figure 5-15 into this two-table format. Choir Member Table Member IDLast NameFirst NameEmailPhonePart 1AshleyJaneJA@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 2DavidsonKayeKD@somewhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 3ChingKam HoongKHC@overhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 4MenstellLori LeeLLM@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1237Soprano 5CorningSandraSC2@overhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 6WeiGuangGW1@somewhere. com 703. 555. 9936Soprano 7DixonEleanorED@thisplace. com 703. 555. 12379Soprano DuongLindaLD2@overhere. com 703. 555. 8736Soprano 9LundenHaleyHL@somewhere. com 703. 555. 0836Soprano 10UtranDiem ThiDTU@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1089Soprano Musical Work Table Musical IDNameOfWorkComposerPartCopyNumberMember ID 1B-Minor MassJ. S BachSopranoCopy 71 2RequiemMozartSoprano Copy 172 39th Symphony ChorusBeethovenSopranoCopy 93 4B-Minor MassJ. S BachSopranoCopy 114 5RequiemJ. S BachSopranoCopy 195 †¢Select primary keys for the ChiorMember and MusicalWork tables. i. The primary keys for the ChiorMember table should be Member ID and theprimary key for the MusicalWork should be Musical ID The two tables are not integrated; they do not show who has checked out which music. Add foreign key columns to one of the tables to integrate the data. i. The foreign key to integrate the two tables is the Member ID column in the MusicalWorkTable. This way when someone checks out or borrows a sheet music they can link it to who the student is. This connects the two tables and integrates the data. †¢This two-table design does not eliminate the potential for data integrity problems that occur in the spreadsheet. Explain why not. . This design does not eliminate the potential for data integrity problems because who ever enters the information has to make sure it is all entered correctly. There is always error potential therefore whoever uses the table must be careful. ii. Also, ther e must be a separate table that has all of the information linked together. 3. A three table database design for the data in the spreadsheet in Figure 5-15 is as follows: †¢Redraw the data in Figure 5-15 into this three-table format. Member IDLast NameFirst NameEmailPhonePart AshleyJaneJA@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 2DavidsonKayeKD@somewhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 3ChingKam HoongKHC@overhere. com 703. 555. 2236Soprano 4MenstellLori LeeLLM@somewhere. com 703. 555. 1237Soprano 5CorningSandraSC2@overhere. com 703. 555. 1234Soprano 6WeiGuangGW1@somewhere. com 703. 555. 9936Soprano 7DixonEleanorED@thisplace. com 703. 555. 12379Soprano 8DuongLindaLD2@overhere. com 703. 555. 8736Soprano 9LundenHaleyHL@somewhere. com 703. 555. 0836Soprano 10UtranDiem ThiDTU@somewhere. com 703. 55. 1089Soprano Musical IDNameOfWorkComposerPartCopyNumberMember ID 1B-Minor MassJ. S BachSopranoCopy 71 2RequiemMozartSoprano Copy 172 39th Symphony ChorusBeethovenSopranoCopy 93 4B-Minor MassJ. S B achSopranoCopy 114 5RequiemJ. S BachSopranoCopy 195 Member IDFirst NameLast NameName of WorkMusical ID 1JaneAshleyB-Minor Mass1 2 KayeDavidsonRequiem2 3Kam HoongChing9th Symphony Chorus3 4Lori LeeMenstellB-Minor Mass4 5 SandraCorningRequiem5 †¢Identify which columns are primary keys for each of these tables. i. The primary keys are the Member ID and the Musical ID †¢The foreign keys are already in place; identify which columns are foreign keys and which relationships they represent. i. The Musical ID in the third table is the foreign ID. †¢Does this design eliminate the potential for data integrity problems that occur in the spreadsheet? Why or why not? i. Yes, because it links the members with the music sheets. If their name is linked the exactly which sheet of music they have out then there is no way for data integrity problems. 4. Assume you manage the choir and you foresee two possibilities: †¢Keep the spreadsheet, but create procedures to reduce the likelihood of data integrity problems. †¢Create an Access database and database application for the three-table design. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each of these possibilities. Recommend one of these two possibilities and justify your recommendation. For the spreadsheet option, some of the advantages would be that it would be easier for most people to use. The user would be able to see clearly which student has which music. The disadvantages of using a spreadsheet is that whoever enters the information must be extremely careful when entering the information because it is very easy to mess up. Also, since there are so many tables and you have to look back at the previous ones to see who has what it can get a little confusing. If we decided on the database application the advantages would be that it is very easy to enter information and you can look up one individual at a time or all at once. It lays out the information very clearly. However the disadvantages would be that Access is very confusing and not many people know how to use it correctly How to cite Information Systems, Papers Information Systems Free Essays Describe how information systems have changed the way businesses operate ND their products and services. One of the more popular topics that I have been asked how the information systems have changed the way businesses operate and their products and services. In my point of views I think they have major three ways in which information technology has brought about a huge change in the way in which people conduct business in different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most important problem is â€Å"time† So the advantages of using technology is that time constraints are eliminated. Since updated information can be provided to the staff and existing or potential customers at remote locations on a real mime basis and more business can be done. Company can save much more money because they don’t have to pay for their staff to travel to meet either customers or other executives. Meetings held through the Internet are as good as the traditional ones. In fact, companies also involve their customers in the meetings so that the products can be designed according to their needs. Since information from all parts of the world can collect and merged with the inventory management system of the company, the process of accepting orders and supplying the materials has become far more perfect. If the time taken between invoicing and shipment can decrease, customers will bind to much more satisfied. As more and more people start using the Internet for business and personal reasons, if companies don’t adapt themselves and use the upcoming technologies, they will bound to fall behind. Today customers expect goods and services to be available 24 hours, seven days a week. E-commerce is a mode of business where the product is sold through the website of the company. This means that people do not have to step out of their homes to make purchases. Last but not the least whether you are a business to business or business to nonuser concern, you should make use of information technology to maximize pronto b) Describe the characteristics of a digital firm. A digital firm is a firm which nearly all of the organization’s major business relationships with customer, supplier, and employee are digitally enabled. Axis business processes are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple organizations. Business processes refer to the set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated. Digital firms involve both time shifting and space shifting. Time shifting refers to business being conducted continuously, rather than in narrow â€Å"work day† time bands of 9 a. M. To 5 p. M. Space shifting means that work takes place in a global workshop, as well as within national. Questions 2 a) List and describe the organization, management, and technology dimensions of information systems. 1 . Organization: The organization dimension of information systems concerns issues like the hierarchy of organization, culture, processes of business, functional specialties and political interest groups. 2. Management: The management dimension of information systems concerns issues like Job attitudes, staff training, and management behavior. 3. Technology: The technology dimension composes of computer software, hardware, data management technology and networking technology. B) Distinguish between data and information and between information systems literacy and computer literacy. Data vs.. Information Data which is a move of raw fact representing events occurring in the organization before the organization have been organized and arranged into a form that people can use and understand. Information which is a data that have been came a form that is meaningful and useful to human being. Information systems literacy vs.. Imputer literacy Information literacy is more care for create information useful to an organization and its staff, on the other hand computer literacy satisfied the simple use of computer. As technology uses spread beyond traditional computer, information literacy enables staff and organization to gain an edge over their competition. Question 3 a) List and describe six reasons why information systems are so im portant for business today. Six reasons about information systems are so important for business today include: 1. Operational excellence 2. New products, services, and business models 3. Customer and supplier intimacy 4. Improved decision making 5. Competitive advantage 6. Survival Information systems are the basis of conducting business. In 21st century, in many companies, survival and even existence without extensive use of IT is unimaginable, and IT plays a critical role in rising productivity. Although information technology has become a daily, when organization have complementary changes in , it can provide the basis for new product, service, and ways of conducting business that provide firms with a strategic advantage. ) Describe the esoterically perspective on information systems. Optimal organizational performance achieved by together optimizing both social and technical systems used in production can help them to avoid purely technological approach. So it can produce their product much more better. Question 4 a) Define business process and describe the role they play in organizations. Business process which is a use computer’s logic to substitute staff to handle related set of activities; Business processes are the ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, knowledge to produce their valuable product or service. Business processes have four different areas. 1 . For the manufacturing and production area include product assembling, quality checking, and producing bills of materials. 2. For the sales and marketing area. Business processes include identifying customers, making customers aware of the product, and selling the product. 3. For finance and accounting, business processes includes paying creditors, creating financial statements, and managing cash accounts. 4. For human resources, business processes include hiring employees, evaluating Job performance of employees, and enrolling employees in benefits plans. Describe the relationship between information systems and business processes. Between information systems and business processes, their relationship is they can substitute each other. Whatever in management, finance, sales or marketing etc†¦ Question 5 a) Define collaboration and teamwork and explain why they have become so important in business today. Teamwork can raise product ivity. Teamwork requires each team member to work together while allowing their individual interests to become a subordinate concern. As a result, team members focus on the goal at hand and contribute their knowledge, resources and skills to reaching the goal. How to cite Information Systems, Papers Information systems Free Essays The objectives of this research are: Evaluating the impacts of Internet banking on commercial customers’ businesses using a multi-disciplinary approach; the social, technical and organizational aspects will be taken into account. This research is categorized into seven chapters. Chapter one: introduction of the project which reveals the scope of the project, what type of business is exploited, aims and objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chapter two: Literature Review, of his project provides a detailed view of all the relevant literature that was used in undertaking this project. Chapter three: Objectives and Research Methods, outlines the objectives of the project and considers the different ways in which these objectives was examined and researched. Example, by using case studies, interviews and questionnaires. Chapter four: Conceptual Framework outlines the concepts and framework (theories) of the analysis with reference to the literature. Chapter five: Findings, provides a discussion of the findings from the empirical research. It will roved views of the officials and persons interviewed and questioned. Chapter six: Analysis focuses on the analysis of the project. It links the theory with the empirical data where the findings will be interpreted and explained. Any problems or drawbacks of the use of these tools will be highlighted here. Chapter seven: Conclusion is the final section of the main report and will serve to summaries and conclude the project. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a solid background for this research topic and to give a comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field. It must be noted however that this literature review is not all there is to the research on Internet Banking but rather a summary of the research that was done with the reference selected. As technology continues to advance rapidly and give an increasing popularity to the internet in society today business owners are making more use of the internet in order to distribute their goods and services. The incredible growth of the internet is changing the way corporations conduct business with consumers. The banking industry is no exception Noun and CIA 2001). Internet Banking services have been offered by banks in order to improve services to existing customers and attract new ones and also to enhance the products offered by the bank. To sustain business competitiveness, more and more banks or financial services companies are transforming from their traditional approach of â€Å"bricks and mortar† into â€Å"clicks and mortar† under the recent emergence of electronic commerce and business (Chaw and La’, 2003). As noted by Biker et al. 2000 â€Å"physical banks are not an anachronism, but less is sometimes more. † Trust refers to the belief that the remises of another can be relied upon and that, in unforeseen circumstances, the other will act in a spirit of goodwill and in a benign fashion toward the trust (Such and Han, 2002). As more and more financial institutions are finding ways to utilize Internet Technologies to launch Internet Banking services, research have shown an important issue is to understand what factors will impact the decisions of customers in adopting the service. In information research terms, it is the issue of user technology acceptance. As noted above the extended TAM model includes several external variables that are argued to have influence on perceive usefulness in the context of adopting Internet banking services. According to researchers Chaw and Alai 2003, three factors, personalization, alliance services and task familiarity are proposed to have influence on perceive usefulness. The importance of perceived usefulness has been widely recognized in the field of electronic banking (Grunting and Nudism, 2006; Circumstantially and Fink, 2005; Eriksson et al. , 2005; Laborer and L’, 2005; Polytonal and Skin, 2001; Lila and Chemung, 2002) / (Changer and Begum 2008). According to Chaw and Alai two variables proposed to have influence on perceived ease of use are task familiarity and accessibility. As stated above task familiarity plays a role in the factors affecting perceived usefulness, here we see it affects the perceived ease of use as well. The more accessible an information system is the less effort is needed to use it. (Kernighan and Straus, 1999). In the context of Internet banking, accessibility refers to not only the physical accessibility of Internet connections, but also the global and round-the-clock nature of Internet banking. Gogh 1995, argues that if the supporting technological infrastructures are easily and readily available, Internet commerce applications such as Internet banking will become more feasible. In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of Internet banking for commercial customers in FCC, which is the aim of this project, the following objectives will be used to achieve this; Investigating the effects of trust, user acceptance, perceived usefulness and ease of use, security, and risk perception of internet banking. Assessing the impacts of Trinidad being a developing country; the information and communication technology capabilities will be investigated taking into consideration the availability of internet resources and level of computer literacy. Quantitative and Qualitative Research According to Maggie Walter 2006, quantitative research can be done using formal preset questionnaires to ask people specific questions that have a limited number of optional responses. This type of data collection is basically concerned with surveys, structured interviewing and secondary data analysis. According to Alan Barman quantitative research is structured so that the researcher is able to examine the precise concepts and issues that are the focus of the study. Quantitative data are often viewed as hard reliable data owing to the precision offered by measurement. However quantitative research lacks depth as the respondents are not able to express their opinions. Qualitative research is basically concerned with understanding; it is about how people feel about things and what their perceptions are about particular issues (Maggie Walter 2006). This method is generally concerned tit interviews, unstructured or in depth. According to Alan Banyan qualitative research allows the researcher to see through the eyes of the people being studied. However qualitative research can be subjective, difficult to replicate and may lack transparency. In this project both quantitative and qualitative research was carried out. Interviews Interviews will be conducted in person as a way to collect data from some of the customers from the sample size. These customers will be selected according to their willingness and availability to do the interview. Interviews allow us to establish a DOD relationship with the respondents and generate a good understanding of the respondent’s views. Two types of interviews that can be carried out are structured interviews and unstructured interviews. How to cite Information systems, Papers Information Systems Free Essays string(42) " this feature of e-commerce technologies\." Introduction The growth of e-commerce in the world has led to a remarkable shift from the traditional to the modern and internet-based business operations. The internet and web applications are the major drives for this trend. It is reported that the volume of goods and services traded over the internet since 1995 has more than doubled. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The efficiency and reliability that is associated with online marketing can be attributed to the massive implementation of cloud computing systems in the world of business. Since 1995, several companies have dominated the electronic marketplace, including the ‘big four’ group that consists of Amazon, Google, eBay and Yahoo (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.3). Consumer sales are hugely expanding as a result of advancement in the e-commerce technologies. According to the 2005 Forrester Research, the consumer sales had grown by more than 23% from 2000, to approximately $172 billion (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.7). The growth of wireless internet networks, broadband systems and web applications can perhaps be termed as the powerhouses of the modern e-commerce. This paper explores the various unique characteristics of the e-commerce technologies, citing the use of reliable information storage in Amazon as a good example. Overview of the e-commerce models The classification of e-commerce takes mainly two dimensions; the market relationship and the underlying technology. With respect to the market relationships, e-commerce exists in three models, namely Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B) and the Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.17). However, the B2C is the most common model of e-commerce, since it encompasses the business activities as performed by both the online retailers and the potential customers. In the year 2005, the B2C e-commerce was estimated to have a value of approximately $140 billion in the US. However, this volume has since grown to a whooping $170 billion (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.7). The B2C e-commerce comprises of several components, such as web portals, online marketers, content applications, service providers and also online brokers, among others. On the basis of technology, e-commerce is divided into two groups. These include peer-to-peer (P2P) and mobile e-commerce (Laudon Tr aver, 2004, p.18). The P2P entails the transfer of various multimedia contents through wired and wireless networks, while the mobile e-commerce is mainly conducted by using mobile devices and networks. Unique features of the e-commerce technologies The commercial success in e-commerce has been experienced due to advancement in the supportive technologies. It is predicted that these technologies will continue propagating; a trend that will definitely take e-commerce to higher levels (Barnes, 2007, p.118). The rapid growth in the e-commerce technologies can be attributed to the numerous business requirements that have emerged in the Fortune 500 enterprises (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.18). The e-commerce technologies are characterised by various unique features. However, most of these features are also associated with the internet, which is the main driving force of e-commerce. These unique features include ubiquitous computing, information richness, universality in technology standards and also reliable interactivity (Barnes, 2007, p.118). Personalization of the online products, global reach and information density are characteristics of e-commerce technologies as well (Barnes, 2007, p.118). These features are beneficial in the prom otion of e-commerce, since they support cost-effective business operations. The internet and the associated web-based applications are immensely important in connecting e-retailers to potential online shoppers. Ubiquity Ubiquity is perhaps the most unique feature of e-commerce technologies. Ubiquity refers to the aspect of ready availability of e-commerce models, products and services. Therefore, e-commerce is available all the time and anywhere in the globe (Barnes, 2007, p.118). The internet connection provides a solid medium through which e-marketers can communicate to potential customers and vice versa. The property of ubiquity in e-commerce technologies is important since it eliminates the possible geographical barriers (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). Business stakeholders can take part in trading from the comfort of their office desktops and mobile devices regardless of their geographical location, without encountering physical restrictions. Ubiquitous computing in e-commerce helps in reducing the transactions costs, since the e-retailers and online shoppers do not have to print catalogues, product specifications or any other trade documents. Such documents can be produced electronically in the cloud computing platform, and the issue of travelling is largely eliminated (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). The reduction in these transaction costs is beneficial to both the marketers and the consumers. Therefore, the ubiquity of e-commerce technologies eliminates the physical barriers which characterise traditional markets. Ubiquity in e-commerce technologies also enables the expansion of product markets. This occurs in the sense that it leads to the reduction in the entry and exit barriers (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.12). The time barrier is also eliminated in ubiquitous computing, since the business transactions can be carried out at any time of the day. Internet connectivity and the presence of shopping websites are provided every time, a factor that facilitates an appropriate expansion of the marketplace. In addition to reducing transaction costs, ubiquity also entails reducing the cognitive energy that is required in executing e-commerce activities. According to Laudon and Traver (2004, p.12), the cognitive energy is the mental effort that is applied on a certain task. In the e-commerce technologies, the mental energy required to execute business transactions over the internet is lower than in traditional business practices (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.12). Thus, ubiquity of these technologies has helped in generating desirable efficiencies and differentiation models. Information density E-commerce technologies have solved the problem of information overload. These technologies are capable of handling voluminous amounts of data and information, which is an essential process in electronic transactions (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). Cloud-based systems can offer virtual storage techniques, which are unlimited in terms of scalability. The use of e-commerce technologies has enabled the improvement in information quality. The information density challenge is adequately addressed by these technologies, since they are characterised by superior storage and data handling mechanisms (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). The aspect of information richness in e-commerce technologies helps virtually all the online business stakeholders, ranging from the e-retailers, online shoppers and also the cloud computing service providers. The integration of the various aspects of business information is heavily dependent on this feature of e-commerce technologies. You read "Information Systems" in category "Essay examples" The incorporation of various multimedia contents into marketable products is enabled by the efficiency in the e-commerce technologies (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). The large amount of data and information that can be handled by internet databases such as Amazon’s S3 helps in leveraging the aspects of online marketing. Information richness in e-commerce technologies also entails the reliability in collecting and processing of business data (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.14). The assessment of marketing trends in e-commerce relies on the superiority of the e-commerce technologies. Some e-commerce technologies such as Podcasting and internet broadband have led to improvement in accuracy and process precision in the execution of online transactions. In addition, many online products such as music and video streams are delivered in timely manner (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.14). This is because the customer only needs to subscribe to the relevant e-marketing websites, and then download the respective files. Similarly to ubiquity of e-commerce technologies, the aspect of information richness and density eradicates several forms of transaction costs, such as travelling, printing and communication. Hence, it can be presumed that information density is an immensely important feature of e-marketing technologies in th e global electronic marketplace (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). There are many online transactions that are carried out every day, and the need for unlimited virtual storage is a necessity in the modern e-commerce. Open standards Most of the e-commerce technologies use open standards in order to evade any territorial or regional restrictions that may be imposed by some countries. In the open standards, all the technologies that are involved in e-commerce are allowed to operate under a common platform. These standards include the TCP/IP protocol, XML and HTML (Kraemer, 2006, p.355). These universal standards in e-commerce technologies are supported by public networks, unlike the case of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems which mainly depend on private networks. Open standards such as the XML support universal connection in terms of enabling adequate indexing of software products (Kraemer, 2006, p.355). However, the EDI has changed over time, and it is reported that several corporate enterprises have implemented this standard in e-commerce. The Open Buying Internet (OBI) and Open Trading Protocol (OTP) have become reliable standards in the modern e-commerce (SBA.gov, n.d). The OBI standard enables all e -commerce systems to communicate freely, without protocol disparities that may hinder the growth of e-commerce activities. On the other hand, the OTP standard has integrated online payment systems in e-commerce (SBA.gov, n.d). Some of the payment processes that are supported by this universal standard include purchase receipts, trade agreements and also the actual payments. Netscape’s Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a universal protocol that was founded with an aim of promoting the aspects of online privacy (SBA.gov, n.d). This protocol ensures that e-commerce stakeholders can exchange information and data through secure platforms, by a way of using a public encryption key. The SSL protocol supports the transfer of data from any source point to various destinations in a secure manner. Therefore, the system does not impose any restrictions on the basis of regional presence. The SSL has been implemented in various universal standards, such as the Open Profiling Standard (OPS) (SBA.gov, n.d). The OPS is used by e-commerce organisations such as Microsoft and Firefly, in order to enhance security and privacy of merchants and consumers’ data over the internet. The field of electronic payments has received intense attention from various e-commerce players. Thus, there has been a burning need to develop superior open standards that will govern the i ntegration of electronic payment transactions. The Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) is one of these standards, which was recently founded by the world’s leading credit payment organizations; Visa and MasterCard (SBA.gov, n.d). The SET standard is globally used in the banking sector, an aspect that has hugely improved efficiency in the payment transactions. Global Reach As opposed to traditional business platforms, modern e-commerce technologies allow for global reach. The online population has grown tremendously as a result of advancement in e-commerce technologies (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). In particular, the global communication technologies such as emailing, video conferencing, instant messaging and chat programs among others have succeeded in connecting a large number of people through the internet. It is reported that in 2005, the online population was approximately 1 billion people (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). However, this number has significantly increased in the recent past, to several billions. This has facilitated the expansion of the global e-marketplace, due to the implementation of reliable communication technologies. The technologies, through the properties of ubiquitous computing and global reach, have enabled cross-cultural e-commerce trade to take place in the world (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). The unique feature of global reach ex plains the adequate presence of global outlets and sustainable global supply chains. This aspect has improved the sales volumes in e-commerce, with profitability margins equally benefitting. The various business operations can be performed from every place on earth by the use of these global communication technologies which are not restricted by national boundaries. The business significance of this property lies in the provision of seamless opportunities to both small and large business organisations (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). Many merchants and potential customers are connected by the use of this unique feature of e-commerce technologies. Apart from the wide geographic coverage that is offered by e-commerce technologies, the demographic aspects are addressed as well (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.13). The various web contents such as animations, videos, music files and other digital products can be viewed worldwide by people of different ages, financial stability, gender and also preferences. Thus, this global reach characteristic applies across many aspects of consumers and online merchants. Global reach has enabled the entry of more business enterprises into the platform of e-commerce in the world (myweb.ncku.edu, 2010). This is because it attracts a large number of customers and e-marketers alike. The e-commerce technologies have helped in the creation of a global corporate culture, which is an important requirement in developing the human resource models in any business enterprise. Therefore, it can be construed that e-commerce technologies have played a key role in improving global trading activities through the global reach feature. Personalisation E-commerce technologies can offer personalised services to consumers and online retailers. This unique feature of e-commerce is implemented through geo-marketing, a practice that involves the provision of slightly modified products to a specific region of individual on the basis of their preferences (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.16). Other e-commerce technologies such as video conferencing enable the delivery of customised products or services to the interested clients. In the USA, the Wall Street Journal allows the selection of news type by the customer through the use of e-commerce communication technologies (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.16). For instance, this American online journal allows the users to subscribe for personalised alerts on certain events. Thus, it can be concluded that e-commerce technologies are efficient in the way of promoting personalisation and customisation of digital products (Laudon Traver, 2004, p.16). The customisation of consumer’s products in e-commerce is done through constant assessment of the shopping behaviours, which include purchasing patterns. Information density and richness in Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) Started in 2006, the Amazon’s S3 has become a global example of an appropriate e-commerce technology (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). The S3 was created to offer information and data storage solutions to e-commerce stakeholders. The aspect of information richness in online transactions prompted the development of this technological platform, through which people can store voluminous data. In addition, the S3 offers efficient techniques of data retrieval modification and processing (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). It has largely addressed the issue of information density to the online shoppers. The Amazon business corporation, one of the largest e-commerce players in the world, uses the S3 system to store all information concerning its online products, consumer data and marketing trends. The S3 offers scalable in the sense that it charges the customers on the basis of their request rates and data usage models. In addition, the S3 reportedly offers approximately 99.99% of information avai lability (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). This form of richness eliminates the inconveniences associated with downtime errors. Thus, the feature of information density has worked out to the benefit of Amazon in great measures (Velte et al, 2009, p.142-143). Information density in the traditional business transactions is associated with low speeds of information processing, storage and also retrieval. However, the Amazon’s S3 system offers a high-performance mechanism of handling information and business data. According to Velte et al (2009, p.143), the S3 system is highly efficient in terms of processing speeds. This is because it uses many supportive nodes which enable the reduction of server-side latency. Therefore, online information that is used in e-commerce activities can be made available without any unnecessary delays or failures (Velte et al, 2009, p.143). The several user applications which are used in the storage and retrieval of information in Amazon’s S3 system are equipped with strong interfaces that enable users to retrieve or update data files and information folders in efficient manner. The storage of information in this internet-based database is cost effective. This is because the company charges less f or companies which store voluminous corporate data. Online marketers do not have to prepare separate data files and product specifications sheets, since the system allows for electronic processing of these business documents (Velte et al, 2009, p.142). The S3 is an Infrastructure-as-a-Service model that also enables the users to build reliable infrastructure on which to store voluminous data (Murty, 2008, p.135). This system offers a virtualised mode of data storage, which is therefore appropriate in handling data operations. The Amazon Corporation has benefitted from the S3 in the sense that it enables the company to share large data files with other business organisations in the B2B model. This sharing of large files has led to reduction in data transmission costs, since large amounts of data can be transmitted cheaply through S3. The system’s Universal Resource Identifier (URI) enables a secure transmission of information, through providing the relevant links to data recipients (Murty, 2008, p.135). Amazon also benefits from the back up services that are provided by this system. This aspect of information richness and density ensures that data loss and leakage are avoided. Conclusion E-commerce has rapidly developed in the recent past. This trend can be attributed to the desirable unique features that exist in the e-commerce technologies. The volume of sales that results from e-commerce every single year is estimated to be approximately $170 billion in value. Thus, there is a growing need for the development of better e-commerce technologies that will facilitate significant growth in this platform. There are mainly seven unique features of e-commerce technologies. These include ubiquity, global reach, personalisation, open standards, interactivity, information density and richness. Ubiquitous computing ensures that e-commerce systems can be provided anywhere and at any time. Global reach entails the coverage of all geographic and demographic aspects of e-commerce, and it is solely enabled by the internet, which is the main medium of global communication. Amazon has created one of the most reliable information richness systems; the S3. This system offers speedy st orage and retrieval techniques to the clients. In addition, this system provides a reliable backup for the company’s data and information, thereby minimising the likelihood of data loss and leakage. Bibliography: Barnes, S. 2007. E-commerce and V-Business: Digital Enterprise in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Kraemer, K. L. 2006. Global E-commerce: Impacts of National Environment and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laudon, K. C. Traver, C. G. 2004. Introduction to E-commerce. The Revolution is Just Beginning. Retrieved June 3rd 2011 from: http://www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0131735160.pdf Murty, J. 2008. Programming Amazon Web Services: S3, EC2, SQS, FPS and SimpleDB. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Myweb.ncku.edu, 2010. E-Commerce: Digital Markets, Digital Goods. Retrieved June 3rd 2011 from: http://myweb.ncku.edu.tw/~wtwang/course-MIS/week15.pdf SBA.gov, n.d. Are There Any Technology Standards For E-CommerceRetrieved June 3rd2011 from: http://www.sba.gov/content/are-there-any-technology-standards-e- commerce Velte, T. et al, 2009. Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach. New York: McGraw HillProfessional. How to cite Information Systems, Essay examples Information Systems Free Essays string(141) " have limited Analytical capabilities but can draw on sophisticated graphics Software and many sources of internal and external information\." MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY ( LECTURE NOTES 1 – Information Systems in Global Business Today)1. Explain why Information Systems are so essential in business today. OInformation Systems are fundamental for conducting Business today. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now OIn many industries, survival and even existence is difficult without extensive use of Information Systems. OInformation Systems have become essential for helping organizations operate in a global economy. OOrganization are trying to become more competitive and efficient by transforming themselves into ‘Digital Firms’ where nearly all core business processes and relationship with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled. OBusiness today use Information Systems to achieve six major objectives: 1. Operational excellence 4. Improved Decision making 2. New product, Services Business models 5. Competitive advantage 3. Customer / Supplier intimacy 6. Day-to-day survival Loading†¦ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2. Define an Information System from both Technical and Business perspective From a Technical perspective: OAn Information System collects, stores, and disseminates Information from an organization’s environment and internal operations to support organizational functions and decision making, communication, coordination, control, Analysis and visualization. OInformation Systems transform raw data into useful Information through three basic activities: Input, Processing and Output From a Business perspective OAn Information System provides a solution to a problem or challenge facing a firm and provides real economic value to the business. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 3. Identify and describe the three dimensions of Information Systems An Information System represents a combination of Management, Organization, and Technology elements. OThe Management Dimension involves:  §Leadership,  §Strategy,  §Management behaviour. OThe Organization Dimension involves:  §Organization’s hierarchy,  §Functional specialities,  §Business Processes,  §Culture,  §Political interest groups OThe Technology Dimension consists of:  §Computer Hardware,  §Software,  §Data Management technology,  § Network / Telecommunications technology (including the Internet. Loading†¦ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4. Asses the Complementary Assets required for I. T to provide value to a Business OAn Information System is part of a series of ‘Value-adding activities’ for acquiring, transforming and distributing Information to improve Management decision making, enhance Organizational performance, and ultima tely Increase firm profitability OIT cannot provide this Value unless it is accompanied by supportive changes in Organization and Management called Complementary Assets These Complementary Assets include:  §New Business Models New Business Processes  §Supportive Organizational Culture  §Incentives for Management Support and innovations  §Training  §Social Assets (Such as Standards, Laws and Regulations),  §Telecommunications infrastructure.  §Firms that make appropriate investments in these complementary Assets, also called Organizational and Management Capital, receive superior returns on their IT Investment. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 5. Identify and describe contemporary approaches to the Study of Information Systems and distinguish between Computer Literacy and Information Systems Literacy. OThe study of Information Systems deals with issues and insights contributed from Technical and Behavioural disciplines. OThe Discipline that contributes to Technical approach are:  §Computer Science  §Management Science  §Operational Research OThe Discipline that contributes to Behavioural Approach are:  §Psychology  §Sociology  §Economics  §Information Systems Literacy requires an understanding of the Organizational and Management dimensions of Information Systems, as well as Technical dimensions addressed by Computer Literacy.  §Information System Literacy draws on both Technical and Behavioural approaches to studying Information Systems. The field of MIS promotes Information Systems Literacy by combining all of these disciplines with practical orientation towards developing System solutions to real world problems and managing IT resources. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY ( LECTURE NOTES 2 – How Business Use Information Systems? ) 1. Define and descri be Business Processes and their relationship to Information Systems. OA Business Process is a logically related set of activities that define how specific Business tasks are performed, and a Business can be viewed as a collection of Business Processes. OBusiness Processes are concrete flows of Material, Information and KnowledgeOBusiness Processes represent unique ways in which organizations coordinate Work, Information, and Knowledge, and the ways to which Management chooses to coordinate work.  §Managers need to pay attention to Business Processes because they determine how well the organization can execute its business, and thus be a potential source of strategic success or failure. OEach major Business functions has its own set of Business processes (such Processes for Production function) however there are many business processes which are cross-functional such as order fulfilment. OInformation Systems can help organizations achieve great efficiencies by automating parts of these processes or by helping Organizations redesign and streamlining them. OFirms can become more flexible and efficient by coordinating their Business Processes closely, and in some cases, integrating thesePprocesses so they are focused on efficient management of resources and customer service. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 2. Describe the Information Systems supporting the major business functions At each level of Organization, Information Systems support the major Functional areas of the Business OSales and Marketing Systems  §Help the firm identify Customers for firm’s Products or Services,  §Develop Products and Services to meet Customer’s needs  §Promote the Products and Services  §Sell the Product and Services  §Provide ongoing Customer support OManufacturing and Production Systems  §Deals with Production Planning  §Development  §Production of Products and Services  §Control the flow of Production MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY OFinance and Accounting Systems  §Keeps firm’s Financial assets and fund flows OHuman Resources Systems  §Maintain Employee records  §Track Employee skills, Job performance, and Training Support planning for Employee compensation and career development MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 3. Evaluate the Role Played by System Serving the Various Levels of Management in Business and their relationship to each other. OThere are four major types of Information Systems in contemporary organizations serving: OOperational Management OMiddle Management OSenior Management 1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Serve Operational Management . Such as Payroll or Order Processing Systems that track the flow of daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. 2. Management Information Systems (MIS) Provide Middle management with reports and access to the organization’s current performance and historical records. Most MIS reports condense information from TPS and are not highly analytical. Loading†¦ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 3. Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS supports Management decisions when these decisions are unique, rapidly changing, and not specified easily in advanced. DSS have more advanced Analytical models and Data analysis capabilities than MIS and often draw on information from external as well as internal sources. . Executive Support Systems (ESS) Support Executive Management by providing data of greatest importance to senior Management Decision makers, often in the form of graphs and charts delivered via portals. ESS have limited Analytical capabilities but can draw on sophisticated graphics Software and many sources of internal and external information. You read "Information Systems" in category "Essay examples" MANAGEMENT INFORMATION S YSTEMS SUMMARY 4. Explain how Enterprise Applications and Intranets promotes Business Process Integration and improve organizational performance Enterprise Applications These Systems are designed to support organizational wide process coordination and integration so that the organization can operate efficiently; Such Enterprise Systems are: OEnterprise Systems OSupply Chain Management Systems OCustomer Relationship Systems OKnowledge Management Systems Enterprise Systems Span multiple functions and business processes and may be tied to the Business Processes of other organizations Enterprise Systems integrate the key internal Business Processes of a firm into a single Software System so that information can flow throughout the organization, improving Coordination, efficiency, and Decision making. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY Supply Chain Management Systems Help the firm manage its relationship with supplier to optimize the Planning, Sourcing, Manufacturing, and Delivering of Products and Services. Customer Relationship Management Uses Information Systems to coordinate all the Business Processes surrounding the firm’s interactions with its Customers to optimize firm’s Revenue and Customer satisfaction Knowledge Management Systems Enable firms to optimize the creation, sharing, and distribution of knowledge to improve Business Processes and Management decisions Intranets and Extranets both use Internet technology and standards to assemble information from various Systems and present it to the User in a Web page format. Extranets make portions of private corporate Intranets available to outside. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 5. Asses the role of Information Systems Function in a Business The Information Systems Department is the formal Organizational unit responsible for IT Services. The IS Department is responsible for maintaining the Computer Hardware, Software, Data Storage, and Network that comprise the firm’s IT Infrastructure. The Department is consisted of Specialists, such as Software Engineers, Systems Analysts, Programmers, Project Web Designers, Project Managers, Systems Managers and is often headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CIO). Alternative ways of Organizing the IT Function –A very small company will not have a formal IS group. –Larger Companies will have a separate IS Department. †¢Each Functional Area of the Business may have its own IS Department, overseen by a CIO. †¢The IT function may be run as a separate Department similar to other Functional department Very Large companies with multiple Divisions and Product Lines have an Information System department for each Division reporting to a high-level Central Information Systems group and CIO. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY (LECTURE NOTES 3 – Information Systems, Organizations and Strategies) 1. Identify and describe features of organizations that managers need to know about in order to build and use Info rmation Systems successfully. Managers need to understand certain essential features to build and use Information Systems successfully. All modern Organizations are hierarchical, specialized, and, impartial, using explicit routines to maximize efficiency. All Organizations have their culture and Politics arising from differences in interest groups, and they are affected by their surrounding environment. Organizations differs in goals, groups served, social roles, leadership styles, incentives, types of tasks performed, and type structure. These features help explain differences in organization’s use of Information Systems. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 2. Evaluate the impact of Information Systems on Organizations Information Systems and the Organizations in which they are used interact with and influence each other. The introduction of a new Information System will affect Organizational Structure, goals, Work design, values, Competition between interest groups, Decision making, and day-to-day behaviour. At the same time, Information Systems must be designed to serve the needs of important organizational groups and will be shaped by the organization’s structure, tasks, goals, culture, Politics, and Management. IT can reduce transaction and agency costs, and such changes have been accentuated in Organizations sing the Internet. Information Systems are closely intertwined with an organization’s structure, Culture, and Business Processes. New Systems disrupts established patterns of work and power relationships. So there is often considerable resistance to them when they are introduced. The complex relationship between Information Systems, Organizational performance, and Decision making must be carefully managed. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 3. Demonstrate how Porter’s Competitive Forces Model and the Value Chain Model help Businesses use Information Systems for Competitive Advantage. The Strategic position of the firm, and its strategies, are determined by competition with its traditional direct competitors but also they are greatly affected by: –New market entrants, –Substitute products and services, –Suppliers, –Customers. Information Systems help companies compete by maintaining low cost, differentiating products or services, focusing on market niche, strengthening ties with Customer and Suppliers, and increasing barriers to market entry with high levels of Operational excellence. The Value Chain Model highlights specific activities in the business where Competitive strategies and Information Systems will have the greatest impact. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY The Porter’s Competitive Forces Model views the firm as a series of primary and support activities that add value to a firm’s products or services. Primary activities are directly related to production and distribution, whereas support activities make the delivery of primary activities possible. A Firm’s Value Chain can be linked to that value chains of its Suppliers, Distributors, and Customers. A Value Web consist of Information Systems that enhance competitiveness at the Industry level by promoting the use of standards and industry-wide consortia, and by enabling businesses to work more efficiently with their value partners. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 4. Demonstrate how Information Systems help Business use Synergies, Core Competences, and Network-based Strategies to achieve Competitive Advantages. Because firms consists multiple business units, Information Systems achieve additional efficiencies or enhanced services by trying together the operations of disparate business units. Information Systems help businesses leverage their core competences by promoting the sharing of knowledge across business units. Information Systems facilitate Business Models based on large Networks of Networks to link to other firms so that a company can use the capabilities of other companies to together to deliver value to the customer. Information Systems support a dense Network of interactioms among the participating firms. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 5. Asses the challenges posed by Strategic Information Systems and Management solutions. Implementing Strategic Systems often requires extensive organizational change and a transition from one Sociotechnical level to another. †¢Such changes are called Strategic Transitions and are often difficult and painful to achieve. Moreover, not all Strategic Systems are profitable, and they can be expensive to build. Many Strategic Information Systems are easily copied by other firms so that strategic advantage is not always sustainable. A strategic Systems Analysis is helpful. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY (LECTURE NOTES 4 – Foundations of Business Intelligence) 1. Evaluate Tools and Technologies for providing Information from Databases to improve Business Performance and Decision making. Powerful tools are available to analyze and access the Information in Databases. A Data warehouse consolidates current and historical data from many different Operational Systems in a central Database designed for reporting and Analysis. Data Warehouse support multidimensional data analysis, also known as Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). OLAP represents relationships among data as a multidimensional structure, which can be visualized as cubes of data and cubes within cubes of data, enabling more sophisticated Data Analysis. Data Mining analyzes large pools of data, including the contents of Data Warehouses, to find patterns and rules that can be used to predict future behaviour and Decision making. Conventional Databases can be linked via Middleware to the Web or a Web interface to facilitate user access to an organization’s internal data, . MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY 2. Asses the role of Information Policy, Data Administration, and Data quality assurance in the Management of Organizational Data resources. Developing a Database environment requires Policies and Procedures for managing Organizational data as well as a good Data Model and Database Technology. A formal Information Policy govern the Maintenance, Distribution, and use of Information in the organization. In a large corporations, a formal Data Administration function is responsible for Information Policy, as well as for data Planning, Data Dictionary development, and monitoring data usage in the firm. Data that are inaccurate, incomplete, or inconsistent create serious Operational and Financial problems for business because they may create inaccuracies in Product pricing, Customer accounts, and Inventory data, and leads to inaccurate decisions about the actions that should be taken by the firm. Firms must take special steps to make sure they have a high level of Data quality. These include using Enterprise-wide Data Standards, Databases designed to minimize inconsistent and redundant data, Data Quality Audits, and Data Cleansing Software. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUMMARY (LECTURE NOTES 5 – IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies) How to cite Information Systems, Essay examples

Do You Believe That Sports Stars and Entertainers Make Too Much Money free essay sample

Do you believe that sports stars and entertainers make too much money? Today, many sports stars and entertainers make million of dollars every year. The advertising and commercialization of sport brings enormous profits not only to the athlete and entertainers, but also to many other organization involved in the sport business. In my opinion, the salaries and bonuses received by athletes are exaggerated. Sport is overemphasized in the U. S and our young generation should have a chance to choose between other professions which are equally paid. Americans love sports. Especially basketball, baseball and football. Eventually, people spend a lot of money for sport entertaiments. Today, a Super Bowl ticket price is about 1,200 dollars. A ticket to the first Super Bowl in 1967 was only 12 dollars. Also, U. S population spends a lot on sport marchanise, which generate greater revenue for the athelets who promote some new products or lunch a new marchandise line. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Believe That Sports Stars and Entertainers Make Too Much Money? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page NFL, NBA, NHL became a near monopoly. American professional sports leagues have a $25-35 billion dollar revenue each year and it is just completely outlandish. The sport is not any more a pure competion or a healthy and enjoyable pass time, but a very effective business . Athletes an entertainers salaries are exuberant. The NBA player LeBron James gets paid 25 million a year for playing a game. I completely agree that to become an athelet takes a lot of efforts and streignt. But to become a teacher, phisician or scientist its take as much efforts as well. If teachers were compensated half of the professional league minimum, I’m pretty sure we would attract many more qualified individuals to educate our children. What about firefighters, police officers and fishermen, they exercise the hardest of the jobs and endanger their lives, yet they are not paid even the third of the atheletes salaries. The most warning problem related to the phenomenal athletes salaries are our young generation. The science and art are not popular amongst young people. Every young man dreams to become next Tom Brady or Michael Jordan. They refuse to accuire the basic and crucial education in hope to find their success on the field and the money is the driven engine for them. In schools, the science and art classes are missing the equipments and supplies, while thousand dollars are spend on sport field, equipment and cheerleadering. Every occupation has its values and importance. In any field, sport, art or science people should have an equal opportunity to choose from. They should have equal incentives to discover what they love and passionate about. Exurbant salaries of the atheletes and entertainers are not just unfair toward an average working U. S citizen, but also are unjust toward our children. Maybe a future Einstein or Tesla is loosing his best potential on the football or baseball field.